Journal: Clinical Epigenetics

Article Title: Leucine alters hepatic glucose/lipid homeostasis via the myostatin-AMP-activated protein kinase pathway - potential implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

doi: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-27

Figure Lengend Snippet: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) but not mammalian target of rapamycine complex 1/ Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (mTOR/ S6K1) activity was regulated by leucine in HepG2 cells. (A) Western blots and densitometry analysis of leucine-supplemented HepG2 cells stained for p-mTOR and p-S6K1 and (B) p-AMPK. (C) Effect of leucine supplementation on myostatin (MSTN) mRNA level. Values are the presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance relative to untreated control, * P <0.05, (n =3).

Article Snippet: Antibodies for mTORC1, p(Ser 2448 )-mTORC1, p(Thr 389 )-p70-S6K1, AMPKα, p(Thr 172 )-AMPKα, AKT and p(Ser 473 )-AKT were from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA) and B-actin antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Staining, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Restorative potential of (−)-epicatechin in a rat model of Gulf War illness muscle atrophy and fatigue

doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01093-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of (−)-epicatechin (Epi) on GWI muscle activation of AKT and MTORC1, two major components of the protein synthesis pathway. ( A ) Illustrates a representative image of Western blots of AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 and MTORC1 at Ser2448 (activation sites); ( B ) reports on phosphorylation activation relative changes in protein levels of gastrocnemius muscle p-AKT and p-MTORC1 in control, GWI and GWI-Epi animals (n = 6/group). *p < 0.05 vs. control, ^p < 0.05 vs. GWI by t-test. AU arbitrary units.

Article Snippet: Antibodies used included AKT, p-AKT (ser 473), MTORC1, p-MTORC1 (ser 2448), GAPDH, MURF1, Fbox40 (Cell Signaling), atrogin 1, MyoD, follistatin, myostatin (Abcam), ACTA1 1-actin , proteasome S20, myosin heavy chain, (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), muscle creatine kinase (ThermoFisher Scientific).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Western Blot, Phospho-proteomics, Control